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Joice Heth
Joice Heth (c.1756February 19, 1836〔Museum of Hoaxes.〕) was an African-American slave who was exhibited by P. T. Barnum with the false claim that she was the 161-year-old nursing "mammy" of George Washington.
==Biography==
Little is known of Heth's early years. In 1835 she was held as a slave by John S. Bowling and exhibited in Louisville, Kentucky.〔("Heth, Joice (17??-19 Feb. 1836), anb.org; accessed March 12, 2015. )〕 In June 1835, she was sold to promoters R.W. Lindsay and Coley Bartram.〔 Lindsay introduced her as having been the childhood nurse of George Washington, but, lacking success, he sold her in her old age to PT Barnum.〔 Posters advertising her shows in 1835 included the lines, "Joice Heth is unquestionably the most astonishing and interesting curiosity in the World! She was the slave of Augustine Washington, (the father Gen. Washington) and was the first person who put clothes on the unconscious infant, who, in after days, led our heroic fathers on to glory, to victory, and freedom. To use her own language when speaking of the illustrious Father of this Country, 'she raised him'. Joice Heth was born in the year 1674, and has, consequently, now arrived at the astonishing age of 161 years".〔(Joice Heth Poster, 1835. )〕
She was toward the end of her life, blind and almost completely paralyzed (she could talk, and had some ability to move her right arm)〔Benton (1891).〕 when Barnum started to exhibit her on August 10, 1835, at Niblo's Garden in New York City.〔〔The University of Virginia American Studies (page on Heth )〕 As a 7-month traveling exhibit for Barnum, Heth told stories about "little George" and sang a hymn.〔The University of Virginia American Studies (page on Heth ) cites this to Phineas T. Barnum, ''Barnum's Own Story'', ed. Waldo R. Browne (Massachusetts: Peter Smith, 1972), p. 49.〕 Eric Lott claims that Heth earned the impresario $1,500 a week, a princely sum in that era.〔Lott 1993.〕 Barnum's career as a showman took off.〔"P.T. Barnum", ''Britannica'' Eleventh Edition mentions the claim to have been nurse of George Washington and lists his exhibiting her as the first significant event in Barnum's career.〕 Her case was discussed extensively in the press. As doubt had been expressed about her age Barnum announced that upon her death she would be publicly autopsied. She died the next year.〔〔 Barnum stated that Joice's remains were "buried respectably" in his home town of Bethel, Connecticut.〔''The Life of P.T. Barnum: Written By Himself''. Originally published 1855. Reprint ed., Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2000. ISBN 0-252-06902-1.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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